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Objective: COVID-19 burden the health system by influencing several aspects of social determinants of health (SDH). We review SDH inequity in Iran with notice on COVID-19 pandemic and sanctions. Method: The Databases such as MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched. The SDH components were extracted regarding the effect of COVID-19 and sanctions. Global burden of disease was used to evaluate the impact of sanctions on mortality in Iran. Result: The literacy rate improved over the last decades but, there is still inequality between provinces. Age and regional inequity exists, regarding NCD mortality. Food insecurity varies in different regions between 20% and 60%.Providing care for a growing aging population, with a large burden of NCDs and disabilities will be the major issue in the next decade. The decrease slop of mortality rate due to NCDs, have become smoother since impose of sanctions, while, cancer mortality have changed upwards. COVID-19, and sanctions negatively impacts lower socioeconomically vulnerable groups due to preexisting conditions which wider the existing inequity in SDH are adding a heavy burden of inequity in Iran. Conclusion: Iran, similar to large numbers of countries, face inequity at regional level in different SDH related issues. The COVID-19 pandemic showed that economic status and health are aligned. Sanctions superimposed on the COVID-19 pandemic cause harm to millions of innocent people. One of the main goals of health authorities is to reduce SDH inequity in order to achieve the goal of "health for all". To tackle these inequities, prompt action is needed.
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The present paper analyses political tweets regarding the Covid-19 crisis. It focuses on four leaders-Trump, Johnson, Sánchez, and Conte-and in a particular time frame: March 2020. The goal of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, it endeavours to confirm whether war metaphors are pervasive in the discourse of the pandemic, on the other, it seeks to transcend the conceptual approach to metaphor and situate it within the context of evaluation in discourse. In order to do so, once war metaphors are individuated, we identify the evaluative processes implied in their use. Our claim is that war metaphors played an essential role not only by framing a novel situation as a conflict, but also by allowing the situation to be evaluated in a way that would provoke the audience to act. © Peter Lang Group AG, International Academic Publishers, Bern 2023. All rights reserved.
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This article empirically assessed new opportunities and provides a conceptual justification for promising areas of trade and financial and economic relations between China and Russia amidst ongoing global turbulence, the post-COVID situation, and sanctions pressure. The study utilized the trade gravity model, taking into account the latest trends in the development of the research subject and object, as well as current challenges and trends in the global economy. The study revealed similarities between the political systems, reforms, and policies of China and Russia, with centralized power structures overlapping and supporting each other at international forums such as the UNSC. The findings suggest that both countries plan to increase trade volume in the next two years, with China focusing more on trade and economic development, while Russia works to promote security and political stability. This study provides valuable insights into the economic relationship between Russia and China, its impact on the US and Europe, and highlights the need for effective policy interventions to address the challenges posed by this relationship. It offers significant theoretical and practical contributions, including the potential to unlock the potential of national economies, increase their competitiveness and help states enter a phase of advanced and sustainable development. This article provides several policy recommendations to ensure the long-term sustainability of the economic relationship between Russia and China and foster mutual understanding and trust between their peoples. These include promoting trade diversification, enhancing financial cooperation, addressing trade barriers, strengthening political and security coordination, mitigating negative impacts on other countries, promoting sustainable development, and fostering people-to-people exchanges. © 2023 by the authors.
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After the changes in globally traded forest products patterns and supply chains caused by the COVID 19 pandemic, currently, there is another geopolitical event that has a direct impact on a whole spectrum of markets, not least the timber market. The current situation in Ukraine resulted in many sanctions imposed by the global community and regional groups on Russia, some of them directly targeting the trade with forest products. EU is a significant global player on forest products market. In 2020 it contributed to 42% of the world total export and 32% of the world total import of forest products. As the EU member states to a large extent depends on international trade there is a need to examine what may be the implications of such sanctions on the EU wood trade patterns and consequently on the supplies for forest based industries. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to quantify the EU's dependence on timber from Russia and to indicate the possible impacts on international timber trade. © 2022 15th International Scientific Conference WoodEMA 2022 - Crisis Management and Safety Foresight in Forest-Based Sector and SMES Operating in the Global Environment. All rights reserved.
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Objective: to identify the standards of the European Court of Human Rights on the introduction of mandatory vaccination of medical personnel from COVID-19 in conditions of pandemic. The analysis has been carried out on the Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights as for vaccination matters, which formed the legal position of the Court on its implementation by the State. These decisions were divided into groups according to the conditions in which the European Council launched mandatory vaccination: the situation, which is being ordinary, one (standard vaccination against diseases well known to medical science, where vaccines have been tested and investigated thoroughly). Another one is extraordinary situation within society and state, as well as in the world, for example, COVID-19 pandemic. The standards of the European Court of Human Rights for the introduction of mandatory vaccination of medical personnel against COVID-19 in conditions of pandemic have been identified: these measures must be provided by the State legislation which is to meet quality rule of law criteria;to pursue legitimate goal (protection of the population from COVID-19);to be necessary in democratic society. Mandatory vaccination of healthcare professionals against COVID-19 should be used if the goal of protecting the population from COVID-19 cannot be achieved in other ways. Mandatory vaccination of medical personnel against COVID-19 is not the same as forced vaccination. The medical employee chooses whether to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or not according to his own views, values, no matter how irrational, unreasonable, shortsighted they may be in the opinion of the state and other people. The state does not have the right to use forced vaccination, but may apply the following: a range of measures to clarify, persuade, encourage mandatory vaccination of medical personnel against COVID-19, which may be direct or indirect, but not violent;sanctions for refusal from mandatory vaccination of medical personnel from COVID-19 who have no contraindications (suspension from medical activities, fines, etc.). Conclusions. The data obtained in this way allow us to develop further proposals for improving legal regulation of vaccination in Member States of the Council of Europe and increase the effectiveness of ensuring the rights of medical personnel, reduce tensions within society.Copyright © 2022 Trylyst. All rights reserved.
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As covid-19 rips through the European countries, the fragile Italian penitentiary system reveals its deepest weaknesses. In this precarious scenario, severe precautionary measures have been promptly undertaken by the legislator to guarantee prisoners’ fundamental right to health care. Taking the cue from this emergency response framework, it will be examined the effectiveness of these normative solutions and their impact on constitutional rights of prisoners. Also, the long-term impact of this exceptional approach will be highlighted, by comparing it to significant jurisprudential guidelines of the Constitutional Court concerning this matter. © 2022, Societa Editoriale Federalismi s.r.l.. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most critical industries in the country, and solving its problems is of great importance. In the current situation, on the one hand, many sanctions have been imposed on the country. On the other hand, with the outbreak of Covid-19, the importance of medicine for the country's health system has received more attention. Therefore, given the political and economic conditions, the development and accurate planning of the government to support the pharmaceutical industry must be given priority. Thus, this study examines and explains the role of the government and its support for the pharmaceutical industry during the Covid-19 pandemic by identifying policies to determine their effectiveness and rank. Methods: In the present applied-descriptive research, a questionnaire and interviews with experts were used. The number of experts participating in this study was ten;they were managers of different departments of pharmaceutical knowledge-based companies who were selected using purposive, non-random sampling method. Causal relationships and the effect of model variables were identified using the fuzzy DMATEL technique. Finally, the importance of each support was determined using the fuzzy ANP method and Super Decisions software. Results: Three categories of support policies and eight supports related to the influential role of the government in the development of the country's pharmaceutical industry were identified. As a result, exemptions were recognized as the most influential support policies, including customs exemption protections, tax exemptions for pharmaceutical companies, and exemptions or deferral of previous loans. Conclusion: Drug safety is one of the main goals of development policies, and ending dependence on the aid of other countries and self-sufficiency in this industry requires the formulation of special protection principles.The government can use the results obtained in this study in determining its support policies for the pharmaceutical industry in the face of sanctions and Covid-19 pandemic. © 2022, Journal of Health Administration. All rights reserved.
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The role of social protection in supporting people’s well-being, reducing poverty and inequality is difficult to overestimate in stable times, but its importance increases especially in times of crisis, as confirmed by the global shock of the COVID-19 pandemic. Under the conditions of increasing uncertainty, a social protection system turns into a “safety cushion” — a macroeconomic and socio-political stabilizer. The purpose of the article is to show, based on the analysis of the main trends in the development of the Russian social protection system and considering the challenges of the current moment, possible alternative choices in its development in the mid-term period. Authors use a broad definition of the social protection system, which includes non-contributory measures of social protection (social assistance), contributory and non-contributory pensions, minimum wages, and social services (long-term care). The article contributes to the literature on economics and public administration, which focuses on social policy in times of economic crises. The article discusses the turn in social protection associated with the adoption of the national development goals in 2018. The authors analyze to what extent has the coronavirus pandemic affected the main challenges and problems facing Russian social protection;what were the key decisions in the field of anti-crisis support for the population, and how they affected indicators of poverty and inequality. The article also presents recent research results on changes in public attitudes toward social protection as well as issues of using the time-budget as a component of a comprehensive assessment of the population’s quality of life. In conclusion, the article discusses lessons which can be learned from the experience of the pandemic-related crisis for the future development of the Russian social protection system, including in the conditions of turbulence that have arisen in 2022. © 2022, Russian Presidental Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. All rights reserved.
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This study aims at empirically analyzing the effect of tax moral, sanction, and tax relaxation o n taxpayer compliance. This study result is expected to provide an option to increase tax compl ia nce d u ri ng the Covid-19 pandemic. The type of this study is a quantitative study. It collects the data using a questionnaire in the form of Google form. The sampling technique of this study uses purposive sampling. The number of samples is 95 MSMEs members registered at the Department of Coopera tive and Micro Enterprise, Magetan Regency, Indonesia. The data were analyzed by the multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The analysis result shows that during the Covid-19 pandemic, tax moral function was neglected in increasing tax compliance. The focus of MSMEs owners is trying to maintain thei r b usi ness t o su rvive while their tax obligations are the next priority. The considerations as thei r b asi s t o carry o ut t h ei r t ax obligation are sanction and tax relaxation. The sanction plays a strong role in increasin g t a x co mpl ia nce which means the tax compliance of MSMEs owners is in compliance due t o co erci on. Ta x rel axat ion i s another option as a solution to increase the taxpayer's compliance with MSMEs owners during the pandemic. It gives ease and relief for MSMEs owners to fulfill their tax obligations. © 2021, Pro Global Science Association. All rights reserved.
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BACKGROUND: Since the Coronavirus disease 19 (Covid-19) rampaged in Iran, three waves of the epidemic occurred. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, two issues are considered. First: What proportion of the people adhere to the mitigation approaches towards the disease? Second: Which are the reasons to disobey these rules? METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based phone survey was applied among the population aged over 16 years in Mashhad between November 5 and December 1, 2020. A valid and reliable knowledge, attitude, and performance (KAP (designed questionnaire was used and logistic regression was performed with STATA 14. RESULTS: The final sample size was 776; 90.59, 89.8 and 48.1% of the participants had sufficient reliable knowledge, attitude, and practice, respectively; 20.1% of the participants did not wear masks; nearly half of them visited traditional healers for the prevention and cure; 97.8% of them believed the efficiency of the vaccine and stated that they will consume it if it is distributed. Among the sociodemographic factors, only the unemployed had low adherence to the preventive approach; 51.7% of the main worry was the weak economic situation and 69% of jobs and expenditures were poorly affected. The odds ratio (OR) for optimising attitude reduced from 4.64 to 3.22, and for good performance from 5.64 to 5.43 after adjusting for the economic, knowledge and perception factors. CONCLUSION: Despite all the health rules and probably COVID-19 vaccines global access (COVAX), it seems that the most effective way to reverse this horrific wave and its economic consequences is the improvement of the economy and livelihood of the society.
ABSTRACT
With an over 80 million population, Iran is the second-largest country in the Middle East. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread over all 31 provinces of Iran, leading to the most cases and death among the Eastern Mediterranean countries. At the same time, Iran is under the United States political and economic sanctions that compromised Iran's health system. Although medicines and basic medical equipment exempted from the economic sanctions, direct and indirect effects of sanctions have restricted Iran's banking system, and consequently has led to a wide range of limitation on trade, manufacturing sector, insurance and ventures. All these circumstances have meant that Iran is restricted to provide the essential basic medical equipment for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the COVID-19. Although sanctions are not the sole reason for this high rate of mortality and morbidity in a short time period, the chronic and long-term effects of sanctions may be more tangible than their acute impact. In conclusion, providing health services is one of the major problems of Iran's health system during this pandemic that potentially influence on morbidity and mortality of the COVID-19. Iran needs to be free from sanctions for battling against this crisis.Key messagesIran is one of the countries that significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.Iran is under political and economic sanctions that consequently influence on their health system during the COVID-19 crisis.The chronic and long-term effects of sanctions may be more tangible than their acute impact.